DNA damage in farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides represents an effect of SMD 4.63. After the search, screening, and eligibility criteria steps, we included 42 studies to analyze random effect calculation. We carried out a meta-analytical review of possible DNA damage resulting from occupational exposure to pesticides in farmers in the scientific literature. Our findings demonstrate that pesticides can exert various deleterious effects on human health by damaging the DNA as well as by influencing the immune system in the case of both direct or indirect exposure and these issues are associated to age, gender, intoxication and the nonuse of PPE. The genotype distribution of TNF-α (rs361525) was also positively correlated with the DNA damage of the exposed group (r = 0.19 p = 0.01), demonstrating a higher risk of DNA damage in the farmworkers presenting the A mutated allele. SNPs in the TNF-α (rs361525) gene presented a difference in the genotype distribution between the groups (p = 0.002). Besides, the exposed group showed a significant increase in the subpopulations of T lymphocytes CD3⁺ CD4+ (p = 0.04) and CD3⁺ CD4⁺ CD25⁺ (p < 0.0001). In this context, in the exposed group, we demonstrated that the use of PPE, age, gender and intoxication events were the variables that most contributed to increase DNA damage (p < 0.0001). DNA damage was greater in the exposed group (p < 0.05), reinforced by the use of PPE to denote a lower degree of DNA damage (p = 0.002).
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The exposed group was composed mostly by males (69.44%), with direct exposure to pesticides (56%) and with an average age range of 46 ± 13.89 years, being that 58.3% of farmworkers directly exposed to pesticides and reported the full use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PON1, XRCC1, IL6, IL6R, TNF-α, and MIR137 genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. The immunophenotyping of TCD4+ lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood was performed by flow cytometry. It was performed the comet assay to evaluate DNA damage. We evaluated farmworkers exposed to pesticides and individuals with no history of occupational exposure to pesticides. Large prospective cohorts studies and good analytical data on exposures are needed to bridge this public health research gap. In conclusion, studies conducted in Brazil failed to generate data relevant for risk assessment and management of pesticides. No longitudinal cohort investigation of pesticide adverse health effects and no analytical data–based biomonitoring study were found in the literature. Inaccurate exposure assessment is another weakness common to these studies.
Available data come from ecological, cross-sectional, and case–control studies which are relatively easy, quick, and inexpensive to conduct but of limited usefulness for inferring causation and to identify hazards in pesticide risk assessment. This review appraised the evidence provided by epidemiological studies on the adverse health effects of pesticides conducted in Brazil within the past 2–4 years.
The extensive use of pesticides raises concerns about the consequences for the human health. Brazil is one of the world's top-four agricultural pesticide–consuming countries.
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